Additional halo-like systematic response biases may be associated with other sources. The halo effect is well recognized by psychologists and has been defined as the "tendency in rating to be influenced by general impression or attitude when trying to judge separate traits" (English, 1934). The resulting averages may thereby be biased. Such biases may be due to their evaluations on other attributes, their overall evaluation of the object, its popularity, their usage or familiarity with it, their beliefs about other people's assessment of the object (peer attitude), cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), or consistency maintenance (Rosenberg, et al, 1960). However, individuals may commingle their knowledge about the objects on many different attributes, and thereby provide response ratings on each attribute which are biased. Convenient estimators of these locations are the averages of many individuals' responses on the attribute. Marketing researchers and psychologists frequently attempt to obtain evaluations or locations of particular alternatives (individuals, objects, concepts, or brands) on particular attributes (traits, factors, variables, or characteristics), as in image studies, attitude models, and product attribute positioning models (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975 Huber and James, 1977 Rosenberg, et al, 1960). This article describes a procedure for estimating locations of the judged objects corrected for these types of halo-like effects. These biases are similar to the well-known halo effect-an individual's tendency to bias his responses about an object on any specific attribute by his general, overall (global) impression. Individuals' judgments and responses often reflect many factors, such as their overall attitude toward the object being judged, its popularity, their familiarity with it, etc. Kent Hunt, Ann Abor, MI : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 485-493.Īdvances in Consumer Research VolPages 485-493ĮMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF HALO EFFECTS IN STORE IMAGE RESEARCH BY ESTIMATING TRUE LOCATIONS Victor Kubilius (1978) ,"Empirical Evidence of Halo Effects in Store Image Research By Estimating True Locations", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 05, eds. We trichotomise the various labour market outcomes as benefiting, harming or not affecting the native born, and use an ordered probit model to assess the relationship between this observed impact and key study characteristics such as type of country, methodology, period of investigation and type of migrant.ABSTRACT - Individuals' judgments and responses often reflect many factors, such as their overall attitude toward the object being judged, its popularity, their familiarity with it, etc. We compare 45 primary studies published between 19 for a total of 1,572 effect sizes. In the present paper, we take an encompassing approach and consider a broad range of labour market outcomes: wages, employment, unemployment and labour force participation. While we have shown that the labour market impacts in terms of wages and employment are rather small, the sample of studies available to generate comparable effect sizes was severely limited by the heterogeneity in study approaches.
In previous papers we synthesized the conclusions of this empirical literature by means of meta-analyses of the impact of immigration on wages and employment of native-born workers. The increasing proportion of immigrants in the population of many countries has raised concerns about the ‘absorption capacity’ of the labour market, and fuelled extensive empirical research in countries that attract migrants.
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